Occupational Audiology

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This course seeks to acquaint students with the effects of noise on people, and with occupational hearing conservation. The format for the first half of the course will be lecture, discussion, and demonstration, the focus of which will be the theoretical, legal and applied aspects of industrial/occupational hearing conservation. The remainder of the course will center on presentations by students on specific topics dealing with the effects of noise on people, and current issues in occupational hearing conservation. See below for content outline.

This on-line syllabus will be updated periodically. The date of the most recent revision appears above. You are encourged to print a copy at the beginning of the semester, and to return to this site from time to time to check for revisions.

PREREQUISITES

Com. Dis. 835, 850, 852, 853, 854, and 855.

REFERENCES

The following two references are required. The first is the standard in the field and should be ordered directly from the publisher as suggested via Email. The NIOSH document is available online (both as a Web page and as a pdf document) at no cost and contains an excellent glossary of terms.

Berger, E.H., Royster, L.H., Royster, J.D., Driscoll, D.P. and Layne, M., Editors. (2001). The Noise Manual, 5th Ed.. San Diego, CA: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

NIOSH (1998). Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure-Revised Criteria 1998. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH. (See below for downloads.)

Also see

CD 833 folder Slipsheet (download pdf from here).

Chial, M. (1998). Hearing Impairment Calculation Excel Spreadsheet (download from here).

Chial, M. (2002). Basic Rules for Survey and Field Sound Level Measurement (download pdf from here).

Chial, M. (2002). Poor Man's Tour of Hearing Protection Devices (download pdf from here).

Chial, M. (2005). Short Glosssary of Terms in Occupational Audiology (download pdf from here).

Chial, M. (2005). Hearing Conservation Rule (download pdf of PowerPoint from here).

Chial, M. (2005). Hearing Conservation Rule Summary (download pdf from here).

Chial, M. (undated). If Pigs Could Fly (download pdf of PowerPoint from here).

Chial, M. (2004). Audiologist as Expert Witness (download pdf of PowerPoint from here).

In addition, selected tutorial or summary papers appearing in the primary literature and several ANSI standards will be assigned. These will be made available as handouts or pdf documents.

WEB SITES

Much relevant background and regulatory literature in this area is available on the Internet. Several of the Web sites noted below will be assigned. You are strongly encouraged to consult each of them. Simply point, click and bookmark.

• Acoustics FAQs (Campanella Associates)
• Audiometrics, Inc.
• Active Noise Control FAQs
• American Industrial Hygiene Association Home
  • Noise Manual Order Form
• ANSI Standards in Acoustics, Bioacoustics and Noise
• ASHA: The Audiologist's Role in Occupational and Environmenta Hearing Conservation (pdf)
• Bruel and Kjaer
• Cabot Safety Corporation- EAR
  • Technical Library (searchable)
  • EARLogs (in Web and PDF formats)
• CAOHC Home
  • CAOHC Updates
  • Hearing Conservation Manual Order Form
• Center for Disease Control Home
• Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): 1910.95-Occupational Noise Exposure
• Hearing Education and Awareness for Rockers
• Industrial Acoustics Corporation
• Industrial Noise Control, Inc.
• Institute of Noise Control Engineering
• James, Anderson and Associates (consulting engineers)
• Kavanagh's Hearing Handicap Calculator (and much more)
• Larson-Davis Instruments
• League for the Hard of Hearing
• Metrosonics, Inc.
• NHCA
• NIH Combined Health Information Database (search site)
• NIOSH Home
  • NIOSH Revised Criteria (1998) (in Web format)
  • NIOSH Revised Criteria (1998) (in pdf format)
  • NIOSH Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention
  • NIOSH Hearing Protector Device Compendium (searchable)
  • NIOSH Noise meter (simulation)
  • NIOSH FAQs About Noise and Hearing Loss
  • NIOSH Evaluation of Hearing Conservation Programs (PowerPoint & Flash)
  • NIOSH Hearing Conservation Program Evaluation Checklist
• NORA: Disease and Injury Priority Research Areas
• OSHA Home
• Noise Pollution Clearing House
  • Noise Effects Handbook (1981)
  • Federal Noise Laws
  • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
  • State Noise Statutes and Regulations
  • City Noise Regulations and Ordinances
• Quest Technologies
• Sound Seal, Inc.
• Technical Manual for OSHA Inspectors (Chapter 5: Noise)
• Wisconsin Worker's Compensation Manual (see section DWD 80.25)

And to see if you're paying attention,

• Silicon Pines: A Quiet Alternative
  

SEARCH ENGINES

These will be of tremendous help in identifying print sources for your presentations and term papers.

• Pub Med (National Library of Medicine)
• EBSCO (via UW-Madison Library from off campus)
• Federal Government (FirstGov)
• Google Scholar

FORENSICS SITES

• American College of Forensic Examiners
• Federal Rules of Evidence
• FedLaw
• State and Territorial Laws
• The Expert Pages
  
  

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

GRADING STANDARDS

Late work may result in reduced grades. A score of 0 (zero) will be assigned for work not submitted.

ASSIGNMENTS

NOTE: Submitt assignments as Email attachments to the instructor as Word or pdf files. You MUST use the following convention for the name of files you send: XYZ833??.doc (for a Word File) XYZ833??.pdf (for a pdf file), where XYZ are your intials, and where ?? is replaced with the appropriate two-character attachment code from the table above.

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS

See the attached list of selected sources (below) as a place to begin a literature search. Also, consult material available from the Noise Pollution Clearing House and literature citations in the course textsbooks. Use the other Web sites noted above to identify additional current scientific and technical literature.

Other topics are possible and acceptable. Please discuss your ideas with the instructor.

1. Annoyance and Noise
2. Auditory Requirements for Employment in Public Safety Careers
3. Characteristics of Community Noise Control Ordinances
4. Community Noise Issues
5. Comparison of Occupational Hearing Conservation Programs in Other Nations
6. Comparison of State Worker's Compensation Plans for Hearing Loss
7. Damage-Risk Criteria and Impulse Noise
8. Effects of Noise on the Academic Performance of Children
9. Effects of the Acoustic Reflex on TTS and NIPTS
10. Effects of Impulsive Noise on NIPTS
11. Effects on Noise on Sleep
12. Evaluation of Occupational Hearing Conservation Programs
13. Extra-Auditory Effects of Noise
14. Factors Affecting Individual Susceptibility to NIPTS
15. Issues in the Calculation of Hearing Handicap (Impairment)
16. Hearing Loss Associated With Specific Occupational Groups
17. Hearing Loss from Non-Occupational Noise Exposure: Music
18. Hearing Loss from Non-Occupational Noise Exposure: Weapons
19. Hearing Loss from Non-Occupational Noise Exposure: Vehicles
20. Methods for Predicting the Effects on Noise on Speech Communication
21. Military Hearing Conservation Programs
22. Noise Dosimetry vs. Area Monitoring and Time-Work Exposure Monitoring
23. Performance of Passive Personal Hearing Protection Devices
24. Performance of Active Noise-Reduction Personal Hearing Protection Devices
25. Physiologic Mechanisms of NIPTS
26. Synergistic Effects of Exercise and Noise Exposure
27. Synergistic Effects of Noise and Pharmacologic Agents
28. Work-Performance and Noise
    

CONTENT OUTLINE

These topics will be covered during the first portion of the course, although not necessarily in the order shown.

1. Overview: Effects of Noise on People
   1. Hearing
   2. Speech communication
   3. Sleep
   4. Annoyance
   5. Extra-auditory
   6. Tinnitus
   7. Work performance
2. Hearing Loss and Aging
   1. Presbycusis
   2. Socioacusis
   3. Nosoacusis
   4. NIPTS from occupational noise exposure
3. Effects of Noise on Hearing
   1. Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
      1. Factors affecting growth of TTS
      2. Factors affecting recovery from TTS
   2. Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shift (NIPTS)
      1. Factors affecting growth of NIPTS
      2. Factors recovery from NIPTS
      3. Mechanisms for NIPTS 
4. Estimating the Effects of Noise on Speech Communication
   1. Speech Interference Level (SIL)
   2. Intelligibility
   3. Other
5. Regulations/Ordinances Concerning Noise
   1. Federal
      1. OSHA
      2. EPA
      3. Other
   2. State
   3. Community
6. Workers Compensation for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
   1. Rationale and History of Workers' Compensation Programs
   2. Definition
      1. Impairment
      2. Handicap
      3. Disability
   3. Compensation schemes
      1. Historical
      2. Components of pure-tone formulas
      3. AAO-HNS
      4. Wisconsin (CHABA)
      5. Other
   4. Statutes/rules in the U.S.
7. Sound Measurement in Industry and Community
   1. Principles
   2. Indices
      1. Time-weighted average levels
      2. Day-night levels
      3. Other
   3. Instruments
      1. Sound level meters
      2. Noise dosimeters
   4. Industrial Strategies
      1. Area monitoring
      2. Individual dosimetry
      3. Time-Task monitoring
   5. Community Strategies
8. Approaches to Industrial Noise Control
   1. Engineering Methods
      1. Source
      2. Transmission path
      3. Adaptive noise control
   2. Administrative Methods
      1. Job shift
      2. Periodically remove employees from noise
   3. Personal Hearing Protectors
      1. Types
      2. Advantages and disadvantages
      3. Attenuation characteristics
         1. Goals and problems
         2. Real-ear measurement methods
         3. Other measurement methods
      4. Communication and hearing protectors
      5. Use and care of protectors
9. Monitoring Audiometry
   1. Test environment
   2. Instrumentation for pure-tone audiometry
   3. Audiometer calibration
   4. Training for occupational hearing conservationists : CAOHC
   5. Employee hearing testing
      1. Aural and noise history
      2. Otoscopy
      3. Threshold testing
   6. Audiogram review
      1. Standard threshold shift (STS)
      2. Referral for further evaluation
      3. Record keeping
10. Evaluation of Occupational Hearing-Conservation Programs
    1. Standard Threshold Shift
    2. Audiometric Data Base Analysis
11. Audiologist as an Expert Witness
    1. The Adversarial Legal System and the Courts
       1. Civil matters
       2. Administrative matters
       3. Criminal Matters
    2. Purpose of Expert Testimony and Duties of Expert Witnesses
       1. Legal basis
       2. Pragmatics
    3. The Trial Process
    4. Personal and Professional Decisions

TIMETABLE (Subject to change)

NOTE: in the following, chapter numbers from the Berger, et al text are designated by T (for text), followed by a chapter number. You may wish to consult T 2, and T 3 as refreshers.

 

TECHNICAL STANDARDS RELATED TO AUDIOLOGIC PRACTICE

Note: for ANSI documents, "R" means "reaffirmed."

As of January, 2006

ANSI S1 Acoustics ANSI S1.1-1994 (R 2004) American National Standard Acoustical Terminology. ANSI S1.4-1983 (R 2001) American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters (includes ANSI S1.4A-1985 Amendment to ANSI S1.4-1983). ANSI S1.6-1984 (R 2001) American National Standard Preferred Frequencies, Frequency Levels, and Band Numbers for Acoustical Measurements. ANSI S1.8-1989 (R 2001) American National Standard Reference Quantities for Acoustical Levels. ANSI S1.9-1996 (R 2001) American National Standard Instruments for the Measurement of Sound Intensity. ANSI S1.10-1966 (R 1986) American National Standard Method for the Calibration of Microphones. ANSI S1.11-2004 American National Standard Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters. ANSI S1.12-1967 (R 1986) American National Standard Specifications for Laboratory Standard Microphones. ANSI S1.13-2005 American National Standard Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels in air. ANSI S1.15-1997 (R 2001) /Part 1 American National Standard Measurement Microphones. Part 1: Specifications for Laboratory Standard Microphones. ANSI S1.15-2005/Part 2 American National StandardMeasurement of Microphones. Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Technique. ANSI S1.16-2000 (R 2005) American National Standard for Measuring the Performance of Noise Discriminating and Noise Canceling Microphones. ANSI S1.22-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard Scales and Sizes for Frequency Characteristics and Polar Diagrams in Acoustics. ANSI S1.25-1991 (R 2002) American National Standard Specification for Personal Noise Dosimeters. ANSI S1.26-1995 (R 2004) American National Standard Method for the Calculation of the Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere. ANSI S1.40-1984 (R 2001) American National Standard Specification for Acoustical Calibrators. ANSI S1.42-2001 American National Standard Design Response of Weighting Networks for Acoustical Measurements. ANSI S1.43-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Specifications for Integrating Sound Level Meters. ANSI S3 Bioacoustics ANSI S3.1-1999 (R 2003) American National Standard Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms. ANSI S3.2-1989 (R 1999) American National Standard Method for Measuring the Intelligibility of Speech over Communications Systems. ANSI S3.4-2005 American National Standard Procedure for the Computation of Loudness of Noise. ANSI S3.5-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods for the Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index. ANSI S3.6-2004 American National Standard Specification for Audiometers. ANSI S3.7-1995 (R 2003) American National Standard Method for Coupler Calibration of Earphones. ANSI S3.13-1987 (R 2002) American National Standard Mechanical Coupler for Measurement of Bone Vibrators. ANSI S3.14-1977 (R 1997) American National Standard for Rating Noise with Respect to Speech Interference. ANSI S3.18-2002 American National Standard Mechanical Vibration and Shock: Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration-Part 1: General Requirements. ANSI S3.18-2002 American National Standard Mechanical Vibration and Shock: Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration-Part 4: Guidelins for the Evaulation of the effects of Vibration and Rotational Motion on Passenger and Crew Comfortin Fixed-GuidewayTransport System. ANSI S3.20-1995 (R 2003) American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology. ANSI S3.21-2004 American National Standard Method for Manual Pure-Tone Threshold Audiometry. ANSI S3.22-2003 American National Standard Specification of Hearing Aid Characteristics. ANSI S3.25-1989 (R 2003) American National Standard for an Occluded Ear Simulator. ANSI S3.29-1983 (R 2001) American National Standard Guide to the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Vibration in Buildings. ANSI S3.34 American National Standard Guide for the Measurment and Evaluation of Human Exposure to Vibration Transmitted to the Hand. ANSI S3.35-2004 American National Standard Method of Measurement of Performance Characteristics of Hearing Aids under Simulated in situ Working Conditions. ANSI S3.36-1985 (R 2001) American National Standard Specification for a Manikin for Simulated in situ Airborne Acoustic Measurements. ANSI S3.37-1987 (R 2002) American National Standard Preferred Earhook Nozzle Thread for Postauricular Hearing Aids. ANSI S3.39-1987 (R 2002) American National Standard Specifications for Instruments to Measure Aural Acoustic Impedance and Admittance (Aural Acoustic Immittance). ANSI S3.40-2002 American National Standard Mechanical Vibration and Shock-Hand-arm vibration-method for the Measurement and Evaluation of the Bibration Tranmissibility of gloves at the Palm of the Hand. ANSI S3.41-1990 (R 2001) American National Standard Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal. ANSI S3.42-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard Testing Hearing Aids with a Broad-Band Noise. ANSI S3.44-1996 ( R 2001) American National Standard Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure and Estimation of Noise-Induced Hearing Impairment. ANSI S3.45-1999 American National Standard for Testing Basic Vestibular Function. ANSI S3.46-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods of Measurement of Real-Ear Performance Characteristics of Hearing Aids. ANSI S12 Noise ANSI S12.1-1983 (R 2001) American National Standard Guidelines for the Preparation of Standard Procedures for the Determination of Noise Emission from Sources. ANSI S12.2-1995 (R 1999) American National Standard Criteria for Evaluating Room Noise. ANSI S12.3-1985 (R 2001) American National Standard Statistical Methods for Determining and Verifying Stated Noise Emission Values of Machinery and Equipment. ANSI S12.5-1990 (R 1997) American National Standard Requirements for the Performance and Calibration of Reference Sound Sources. ANSI S12.6-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods for Measuring of the Real-Ear Attenuation of Hearing Protectors. ANSI S12.7-1986 (R 1993) American National Standard Methods for Measurements of Impulse Noise. ANSI S12.8-1998 (R 2003)American National Standard Methods for Determination of Insertion Loss of Outdoor Noise Barriers. ANSI S12.9-1988 Part 1 (R 2003) American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound, Part 1. ANSI S12.9-1992 (R 2003)/Part 2 American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Outdoor Environmental Sound, Part 2: Measurement of Long-Term Wide Area Sound. ANSI S12.9-1993 (R 2003)/Part 3 American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Outdoor Environmental Sound, Part 3: Short-Term Measurements with an Observer Present. ANSI S12.9-1996 (R 2001)/Part 4 American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound, Part 4: Assessment and Prediction of Long-Term Community Response. ANSI S12.9-1998 (R 2003)/Part 5 American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound, Part 5: Sound Level Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land Use. ANSI S12.9-2000 (2005)/Part 6 Americal National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound, Part ^: AMethods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Aircraft Noise Events Heard Near Homes. ANSI S12.10-2002 (R 1990) American National Standard Methods for the Measurement and Designation of Noise Emitted by Information Technology and Telecommunications Equipment. ANSI S12.11-2003/Part 1 American National Standard Methods for the Measurement of Noise Emitted by Small Air- Moving Devices, Part 1: Airborne Noise Emission. ANSI S12.11-2003/Part 2 American National Standard Methods for the Measurement of Noise Emitted by Small Air- Moving Devices, Part 2: Structure-Borne Vibration. ANSI S12.12-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard Engineering Method for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity. ANSI S12.13-2002 Technical Report-Evaluating the Effectiveness of Hearing Conservation Programs through Audiometric Data Base Analysis. ANSI S12.14-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods for the Field Measurement of the Sound Output of Audible Public Warning Devices Installed at Fixed Locations Outdoors. ANSI S12.15-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard For Acoustics Portable Electric Power Tools, Stationary and Fixed Electric Power Tools, and Gardening Appliances Measurement of Sound Emitted. ANSI S12.16-1992 (R 2002) American National Standard Guidelines for the Specification of Noise of New Machinery. ANSI S12.17-1996 (R2001) American National Standard Impulse Sound Propagation for Environmental Noise Assessment. ANSI S12.18-1994 (R 2004) American National Standard Procedure for Outdoor Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels. ANSI S12.19-1996 (R 2001) American National Standard Measurement of Occupational Noise Exposure. ANSI S12.23-1989 (R2001) American National Standard Method for the Designation of Sound Power Emitted by Machinery and Equipment. ANSI S12.30-1990 (R 2002) American National Standard Guidelines for the Use of Sound Power Standards and for the Preparation of Noise Test Codes. ANSI S12.35-1990 (R 2001) American National Standard Precision Methods for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources in Anechoic and Hemi-Anechoic Rooms. ANSI S12.36-1990 American National Standard Survey Methods for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources. ANSI S12.40-1990 (R 1996) American National Standard Sound Level Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land Use. ANSI S12.42-1995 (R 2004) American National Standard Microphone-in-Real-Ear and Acoustic Test Fixture Methods for the Measurement of Insertion Loss of Hearing Protection Devices. ANSI S12.43-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods for Measurement of Sound Emitted by Machinery and Equipment at Workstations and Other Specified Positions. ANSI S12.44-1997 (R 2002) American National Standard Methods for Calculation of Sound Emitted by Machinery and Equipment at Workstations and Other Specified Positions from Sound Power Level. ANSI S12.60-2002 American National Standard Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guildelines for Schools. Other ANSI Standards ANSI C16.5-1954. American National Standard on Volume Measurements of Electrical and Program Waves.

AAO-ACO [1979]. Guidelines for the evaluation of hearing handicap. J Am Med Assoc 241: 2056-2079

AAO-HNS [1983]. Otologic referral criteria for occupational hearing conservation programs. Washington, D.C.: American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.

ACGIH [1995]. 1995-1996 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

AIHA [1991]. A strategy for occupational exposure assessment. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Alberti PW (Ed.) (1982]. Personal hearing protection in industry. New York, NY: Raven Press.

Amos NE, and Simpson, TH (1995]. Effects of pre-existing hearing loss and gender on proposed ANSI S12.13 Outcomes for characterising hearing conservation program effectiveness: Preliminary investigation. J Am Acad Audiology 6:407-413.

AOMA [1987]. Guidelines for the conduct of an occupational hearing conservation program. J Occup Med 29(12):981-982.

ASHA [1981]. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Task Force on the Definition of Hearing Handicap. On the definition of hearing handicap. Asha 23: 293-297.

ASHA [1992]. A survey of states' workers' compensation practices for occupational hearing loss. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

Aniansson G [1974]. Methods for assessing high frequency hearing loss in everyday listening situations. Acta Otol, Suppl 320.

Atherley G, Johnston N. [1981]. Audiometry--the ultimate test of success? Ann Occup Hyg 4:427-447.

Atherley GRC [1973]. Noise-induced hearing loss: The energy principle for recurrent impact noise and noise exposure close to the recommended limits. Ann Occup Hyg 16:183-193.

Atherley GRC, Martin AM [1971]. Equivalent-continuous noise level as a measure of injury from impact and impulse noise. Ann Occup Hyg 14:11-28.

Axlesson A, Borchgrevink H, Hamernik RP, Hellstrom P, Henderson D, Salvi RJ, (Eds.), [1996]. Scientific basis of noise-induced hearing loss. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.

Bauer P, Korpert K, Neuberger M, Raber A, Schwetz F [1991]. Risk factors for hearing loss at different frequencies in a population of 47,388 noise-exposed workers. J Acoust Soc Am 90(6):3086-3098.

Behar A [1985]. Field evaluation of hearing protectors. Noise Control Engineering Journal 24(1):13-18.

Behar A, Plenar R [1984]. Noise exposure--sampling strategy and risk assessment. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45:105-109.

Belli S, Sri L, Scarficcia G, Sorrentino R [1984]. Arterial hypertension and noise: A cross-sectional study. Am J Ind Med 6:59-65.

Berger EH [1979-1993]. EARLog monographs (downloadable from (http://www.cabotsafety.com/html/industrial/earlog.htm ). Indianapolis, IN: Cabot Safety Corporation.

1. The threshold shift method of measuring hearing protector attenuation (1979).
2. Single number measures of hearing protector noise reduction (1979).
3. The effects of hearing protectors on auditory communications (1980).
4. The perfromance of hearing protectors in industrial noise environments (1980).
5. Hearing protector performance: how they work and what goes wrong in the real world (1980).
6. Extra-auditory benefits of a hearing conservation program (1981).
7. Motivating employees to wear hearing protective devices (1981).
8. Responses to questions and complaints regarding hearing and hearing protection (Part II) (1982).
9. Responses to questions and complaints regarding hearing and hearing protection (Part III) (1983).
10. The hearing conservation amendment (Part I) (1983).
11. The hearing conservation amendment (Part II) (1984).
12. Attenuation of earplugs worn in combination with earmuffs (1984).
13. Protection for infrasonic and ultrasonic noise exposure (1984).
14. Workers' compensation for occupational hearing loss (1985).
15. A new hearing protection attenuation standard - ANSI S12.6 (1985).
16. Ear infection and the use of hearing protection (1985).
17. Can hearing aids provide hearing protection? (1987).
18. Tips for fitting hearing protectors (1988).
19. The naked truth about NRRs (1993).
    

Berger EH, Kieper RW [1991]. Measurement of the real-world attenuation of E-A-R Foam and UltraFit brand earplugs on production employees. Indianapollis, IN: Cabot Safety Corporation, Report No. E-A-R 91-30/HP.

Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH [1986]. Noise & hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Bies DA, Hansen CH [1990]. An alternative mathematical description of the relationship between noise exposure and hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am 88(6): 2743-2754.

Boettcher F, Henderson D, Gratton M, Danielson R, Byrne C [1987]. Synergistic interactions of noise and other ototraumatic agents. Ear and Hearing 8:192-212.

Bohne BA, Pearse MS [1982]. Cochlear damage from daily exposure to low-frequency noise. Unpublished manuscript. St. Louis, MO: Washington University Medical School, Department of Otolaryngology.

Bohne BA, Yohman L, Gruner MM [1987]. Cochlear damage following interrupted exposure to high-frequency noise. Hearing Res 29:251-264.

Bohne BA, Zahn SJ, Bozzay DG [1985]. Damage to the cochlea following interrupted exposure to low frequency noise. Ann Otol, Rhinol & Laryngol 94:122-128.

Botsford JH [1967]. Simple method for identifying acceptable noise exposures. J Acoust Soc Am 42:810-819.

Brant LJ, Fozard JL [1990]. Age changes in pure-tone hearing thresholds in a longitudinal study of normal humna aging. J Acoust Soc Am 88(2):813-820.

Broadbent DE [1980]. Noise in relation to annoyance, performance, and mental health. J Acoust Soc Am 68:15-17.

Brown J, Brummett R, Fox K [1980]. Combined effects of noise and kanamycin. Cochlear pathology and pharmacology. Arch Otolaryngol 106:744-750.

Brown J, Brummett R, Meikle M, Vernon J [1978]. Combined effects of noise and neomycin: Cochlear changes in the guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 86:394-400.

Buchta E [1990]. A field survey on annoyance cuased by sounds from small firearms. J Acoust Soc Am 88(3): 1459-1467.

Burns W. [1973]. Noise and man. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Company.

Burns W, Robinson DW [1970]. Hearing and noise in industry. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Byrne D, Monk W [1993]. Evaluating a hearing conservation program: a comparison of the USAEHA method and the ANSI S12.13 method [Abstract]. Spectrum 10 (Suppl 1):19.

CHABA [1968]. Proposed damage-risk criterion for impulse noise. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council's Committee on Hearing, Bio-acoustics and Biomechanics.

CSA [1986]. Procedures for the measurement of occupational noise exposure, a national standard of Canada. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Standards Association.

Casali JG, Park M [1991]. Laboratory versus field attenuation of selected hearing protectors. Sound and Vibration 25(10):26-38.

Ceypek TKJ, Kuzniarz JJ, Lipowczan [1973]. Hearing loss due to impulse noise - A field study. Proceedings of the International Congress on noise as a public health problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Chung DY, Hardie R, Gannon RP [1983]. The performance of circumaural hearing protectors by dosimetry. J Occup Med 15(9):679-682.

Clark WW, Bohne BA [1978]. Animal model for the 4 kHz tonal dip. Ann Otol, Rhinol & Laryngol 51(87)(Suppl):1-16.

Clark WW, Bohne BA [1986]. Cochlear damage: audiometric correlates? In: Collins MJ, Glattke T, Harker LA, (Eds.). Sensorineural hearing loss: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

Clark WW, Bohne BA, Boettcher FA [1987]. Effect of periodic rest on hearing loss and cochlear damage following exposure to noise. J Acoust Soc Am 82:1253-1264.

Cohen A [1973]. Extra-auditory effects of occupational noise Part II: Effects on work performance. National Safety News 108:68-76.

Cohen A [1976]. The influence of a company hearing conservation program on extra-auditory problems in workers. J Saf Res 8(4):146-162.

Coles RR [1980]. Effects of impulse noise on hearing--introduction. Scand Audiology Suppl 12:11-13.

Coles RR, Rice CG, Martin AM [1973]. Noise-induced hearing loss from impulse noise: present status. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, May 13-18, 1973. Washington DC: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Pub No. 550/9-73-008.

Coles RR, Garinther GR, Hodge DC, Rice CG [1968]. Hazardous exposure to impulse noise. J Acoust Soc Am 43:336-346.

Danielson R, Henderson D, Gratton MA, Bianchi L, Salvi R [1991]. The importance of "temporal pattern" in traumatic impulse noise exposures. J Acoust Soc Am 90:209&endash;218.

Dancer AL, Henderson D, Salvi RJ, Hammernik RP (Eds.), (1992]. Noise-induced hearing loss. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book.

Delin C [1984]. Noisy work and hypertension. Lancet 2:931.

Dibble K [1995]. Hearing loss & music. J Audio Eng Soc 43(4):251-266.

Dobie RA [1994]. Medical-legal evaluation of hearing loss. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Dobie, RA [1992]. The relative contribtutios of occupational noise and aging in individual cases of hearing loss. Ear and Hearing 13(1):19-27.

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